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P22

Projective Dynamics

原理

Instead of blending projections in a Jacobi or Gauss-Seidel fashion as in PBD, projective dynamics uses projection to define a quadratic energy.

✅ PBD方法直接拿约束来修复顶点位置,没有物理含义。而本页方法把projection方法跟物拟模拟结合起来,主要体现在用约束来做什么。

能量和力

E(x)=e=(i,j)12||(xixj)(xnewe,ixnewe,j)||2

{xnewe,i,xnewe,j} = Projectione(xi,xj) for every edge e

✅ 本文基于约束定义能量。{xnewe,i,xnewe,j}为期望的顶点位置。不直接把顶点从当前位置移到期望位置。而是把当前位置和期望位置的距离转化为能量,通过能量推动顶点从当前位置移到目标位置。

E(x)=e=(i,j)k2(||xixj||Le)2

fi=iE(x)=e:ie(xixj)(xnewe,ixnewe,j)

✅ 基于 E(x)xnewixnewj 计算力,此时假设xnewixnewj都是定值,xixj是变量。
✅ 本文基于约束定义能量和力,得到的结果与基于弹簧能量计算的能量和力相同。
✅ 既然 EF 是一样的,何必多此一举? 答:H不同。

P23

Hessian 矩阵

Instead of blending projections in a Jacobi or Gauss-Seidel fashion as in PBD, projective dynamics uses projection to define a quadratic energy.

✅ 同一个顶点在三个不同边上的投影是不同的。
可以直接根据Mesh的拓扑关系构造H矩阵。
✅ 为什么能简化H的计算?答:在计算某一个端点时,假设另一个端点不动(常量),那么能量就是只关于这个端点的二次函数

P24

Shape Matching

Shape matching is also projective dynamics, if we view rotation as projection:

|

The 2D SpaceThe 3D Space

Assuming that R is constant,
f0=0E(x)f1=1E(x)f2=2E(x)H=E2(x)x2is a constant !

P25

Simulation by Projective Dynamics

  • According to implicit integration and Newton’s method, a projective dynamics simulator looks as follows, with matrix \mathbf{A} =\frac{1}{∆t^2}\mathbf{M+}\mathbf{H} being constant.

  • We can use a direct solver with only one factorization of A.

✅ 解线性系统的主要耗时在LU分解,而这个算法中\mathrm{H}是常数矩阵,只需要做一次LU分解,简化了对\mathrm{H}分解的计算量。

Initialize \mathbf{x} ^{(0)}, often as \mathbf{x} ^{[0]} or \mathbf{x} ^{[0]} +∆t\mathbf{v} ^{[0]}

For k=0\dots K
\quad Recalculate projection

✅ 对于弹簧系统,Recaculate projection 这一步实际上不需要,因为直接用弹簧系统的公式算力,得到的f是一样的。
✅ 如果是做 shape matching, 还是需要这一步,用于算 f

\quad Solve (\frac{1}{∆t^2}\mathbf{M} +\mathbf{H} )∆\mathbf{x} =−\frac{1}{∆t^2}\mathbf{M} (\mathbf{x} ^{(k)}−\mathbf{x} ^{[0]}−∆t\mathbf{v} ^{[0]})+\mathbf{f} (\mathbf{x} ^{(k)})

\quad \mathbf{x} ^{(k+1)}\longleftarrow \mathbf{x} ^{(k)}+∆\mathbf{x}

\quad If ||∆\mathbf{x}|| is small \quad then break

\mathbf{x} ^{[1]}\longleftarrow \mathbf{x} ^{(k+1)}

\mathbf{v} ^{[1]}\longleftarrow (\mathbf{x} ^{[1]}-\mathbf{x} ^{[0]})/∆t

“Newton’s Method”

\quad

P26

Preconditioned Steepest Descent

  • Mathematically, this approach is preconditioned steepest descent, in which:

F(\mathbf{x} )=\frac{1}{2∆t^2} ||\mathbf{x} −\mathbf{x} ^{[0]}−∆t\mathbf{v} ^{[0]}||_\mathbf{M} ^2+E(\mathbf{x} )

The performance depends on how well \mathbf{{\color{Orange} H} } approximates the real Hessian.

\mathrm{H}不需要很精确,一个近似的正定的矩阵,就能让结果收敛。

P27

Pros and Cons of Projective Dynamics

  • By building constraints into energy, the simulation now has a theoretical solution with physical meaning.
  • Fast on CPUs with a direct solver. No more factorization!

✅ Fast on CPU,因为它只作一次\mathbf{LU}分解。

  • Fast convergence in the first few iterations.
  • Slow on GPUs. (GPUs don’t support direct solver wells.)

✅ Slow on GPU,因为\mathbf{LU}分解不适用于 \mathbf{GPU}

  • Slow convergence over time, as it fails to consider Hessian caused by projection.
    • Still suffering from high stiffness
  • Cannot easily handle constraint changes.

✅ constraint changes: 网格关系改变导至弹簧结构改变,原来的\mathbf{H}将不再适用。
- Contacts
- Remeshing due to fracture, etc.

✅ 课后答疑:
能量优化的方法很少用于刚体,主要是有限元、弹性体、衣服模拟。

P28

After-Class Reading

Bouaziz et al. 2014. Projective Dynamics: Fusing Constraint Projections for Fast Simulation. TOG (SIGGRAPH).


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